Word Meaning
सितम-हा
sitam-ha
Meaning
Cruelties, oppressions, tyrannies, or tribulations.
Detailed Meaning
In Persian grammar, the suffix '-ha' forms the plural of nouns, turning 'sitam' (tyranny or suffering) into 'sitam-ha' (manifold oppressions). In this couplet, it represents the relentless hardships and cruelties inflicted by worldly life and fate. It conveys the sheer multitude of tribulations that bind the lover while still failing to distract him from his beloved.
Etymology
Persian: from 'sitam' (oppression, tyranny) + Persian plural suffix '-hā' (ـہا).
Usage
In classical ghazal, the Persian plural suffix '-ha' is frequently employed to emphasize the overwhelming number and continuity of life's griefs.
Examples
Wearied by the myriad cruelties of the age
The wounded heart endured countless oppressions